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• 1 2019-11-18T17:16:29-05:00 Sharing Among Physicians of Dutch Learning 17 image_header 2020-01-13T00:29:05-05:00

  Kasahara Hakuō was limited in his ability to share the vaccine by his role as an envoy of the domain. Although he was a town doctor by status, he had been ordered and funded to obtain the vaccine by the domain, and thus had to fulfill the domain's needs by bringing the vaccine to Fukui. At the same time, Hakuō was also indebted to his professional network of physicians of Dutch medicine, which included his teacher Hino Teisai and Teisai's other pupils. These physicians eagerly awaited transfers and Hakuō was aware of the importance of this network for his own work. In his 1848 proposal for importation of the vaccine from China, he proposed distributing the vaccine to physicians along the way from Nagasaki to Fukui to be prepared for the event of a sudden disruption [Fukui-ken igakushi, p. 175]. Rather than prioritizing the domain's territorial claim and rejecting his colleagues' requests, he emphasized that some sharing with knowledgeable people in other territories was in fact in the domain's best interest. 
  
  On 11/1, while Hakuō was still in Kyoto, three physicians including Teisai's younger brother Katsumin visited from Osaka and Sakai and asked Hakuō for a transmission. Hakuō accepted their request after considerable hesitation. In a written statement addressed to the two men from Osaka, he stressed that he had not yet completed his mission of bringing the vaccine to Fukui, hinting that he considered any distraction from that mission as potentially problematic. Yet, he added that he had decided to approve this transmission because he had been ordered to establish a vaccination clinic in Kyoto to serve as a resupplier for Fukui, and that the same logic might be applied to Osaka [Senkyōroku, p. 5, 6]. 

  Upon transmission, Hakuō issued a certificate that specified the purpose of the Osaka transfer as "multiplication" (hanshoku no tame). On 11/7, Osaka's first vaccination clinic opened in the neighborhood of Furutemachi with a formal ceremony, with Kasahara Hakuō and Hino Teisai in attendance. Bound by his loyalty to his domain and his loyalty to the more far-flung network of fellow professionals, Hakuō connected the two by emphasizing the spatial requirements of vaccine preservation.

• 1 media/shugyutosho.background.jpeg 2019-11-18T17:16:27-05:00 The Osaka Transmission 3 google_maps 4248 2019-12-06T10:05:24-05:00

   

  First, Hakuō was acting on behalf of Fukui domain and his trip to Kyoto had been funded by the domain. On 11/1, while Hakuō was still in Kyoto, three physicians, including Teisai's younger brother Katsumin, visited from Osaka and Sakai and asked Hakuō for a transmission. Hakuō accepted their request after considerable hesitation. In a statement addressed to the two men from Osaka, he stressed that he had not yet completed his mission of bringing the vaccine to Fukui, suggesting that any distraction from that mission might be inappropriate. Yet, he added that he decided to approve this transmission because he had been ordered to establish a vaccination clinic in Kyoto to serve as a resupplier for Fukui and was able to apply the same logic to Osaka [Senkyōroku, p. 5, 6].

  Upon transmission, Hakuō issued a certificate that specified the purpose of the Osaka transfer as "multiplication" (hanshoku no tame). On 11/7, Osaka's first vaccination clinic opened in the neighborhood of Furutemachi in a formal ceremony, with Kasahara Hakuō and Hino Teisai in attendance. Torn between loyalty to his domain and his profession, Hakuō connected the two by emphasizing the practical requirements of vaccine preservation.