Two different political events motivated Cai’s manifesto, this call to his “fellow countrymen.” One was the failure of the Japanese Imperial Diet to repeal the law that granted the Government General special powers. The other was the passage of the Universal Suffrage Act.

Explore the historical context of Cai's manifesto through the "Tipping Points" pathway. Or, continue on the main pathway to explore how Cai’s days as a colonized student in Tokyo shaped his understanding of the relationship between spatial identity and political freedom in the Japanese Empire.